Dividends are the portion of profit a company decides to distribute among its shareholders. If you own shares of a profitable business, the dividend is your slice of the pie: a cash payment (sometimes shares) for every share you hold, typically paid quarterly, semi-annually or annually.
For long-term investors they are the most tangible form of return: they do not depend on selling the stock or on the market's mood, but on the business generating cash and management deciding to share it.
From profit — and more precisely, from cash. A company earning 1,000 million can distribute 400 and reinvest 600 in growth. The distributed share is the payout ratio, and its sustainability depends on earnings and free cash flow keeping up year after year. A dividend paid with debt has an expiry date.
Collecting a dividend is not about how long you have been a shareholder, but about being one at the right moment: the ex-dividend date. Whoever buys on or after that day does not receive the next payment. Then come the record date and the payment date, when the money lands in your account. The share price discounts the dividend on the ex-date: there is no free lunch in buying the day before and selling right after.
Three quick questions separate solid dividends from fragile ones:
It depends on the company: quarterly is standard in the US; annual or semi-annual in Europe. Some companies and ETFs pay monthly. Each company publishes its calendar in advance.
Because the company is worth exactly that much less: the cash to be distributed is no longer inside. The theoretical drop equals the dividend amount, even if market noise hides it.
As savings income in the IRPF, withheld from 19%. Foreign dividends also suffer their country's withholding at source, partially recoverable through double-taxation treaties.